how can i use typescript to destructure a complex type?

You can keep the desired props type for consumers, but in the implementation define it as partial without casting:

const Checkbox: React.FC<Pick<CheckboxProps, "label"> | CheckboxProps> = ({
  label,
  checked,
  disabled,
  disabledTooltipLabel,
  id,
  onChange,
  labelOrientation = "left",
  className,
}: Partial<CheckboxProps>) => {
    return <>...</>;
}